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- subject = History
- title = The Tragedy of the Black Death
- papers =
- Imagine
- yourself alone on a street corner, coughing up bloody mucous each time you
- exhale. You are gasping for a full breath of air, but realizing that is not
- possible, you give up your fight to stay alive. You're thinking, why is this
- happening to me? That is how the victims of the Black Death felt. The Black
- Death had many different effects on the people of the Middle Ages. To understand
- the severity of this tragic epidemic you must realize a few things about the
- plague. You should know what the Black Death is, the cause of the plague,
- the symptoms, the different effects it had on the people, and the preventions
- and cures for the plague.
- The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague
- or the Bubonic Plague, which struck in 1349, and again in 1361-62, ravaged
- all of Europe to the extent of bringing gruesome death to many people of the
- Middle Ages. The Black Death struck in 1349, and again in 1361-62, but was
- restricted just to Europe (Rowse 29). It was a combination of bubonic, septicaemic,
- and pneumonic plague strains (Gottfried xiii) that started in the east and
- worked its way west, but never left its native home. One of the things that
- made the plague one of the worst was that there were outbreaks almost every
- ten years (Rowse 29), but still restricted to Europe. It is thought that one
- third to one half could have possibly died by the plague (Strayer and Munro
- 462), with some towns of a death rate of up to 30 or 40 percent (Strayer and
- Munro 462). Very few who were infected with the plague actually survived more
- than one month after receiving the disease (Strayer and Munro 462). The Black
- Death was an incredible event that effecte
- d everyone on either a physical
- or emotional level, or both. The Black Death was more terrible, and killed
- more people than any war in history (Strayer and Munro 462). The plague was
- so horrible and terrifying that people said it made all other disasters in
- the Middle Ages seems mild when comparing it to the Black Death (Gies 191).
- There
- have been many disputes over what caused the Black Death, but only one is supported
- with the most evidence. It is thought that on October of 1347, a Genoese fleet
- made its way into a harbor in northeast Sicily with a crew that had "sickness
- clinging to their very bones" (Gottfried xiii). The sickness this crew had
- was not brought by men, but the rats and fleas aboard the ship. The harbor
- tried to control the sickness by attempting to quarantine the fleet, but it
- was too late (Gottfried xiii). Within six months of the docking of that very
- fleet, half of the region had either fled the country, or died. That fleet,
- along with many other fleets along the Mediterranean Sea brought the greatest
- natural disaster to the world (Gottfried xiii).
- The infested rat, called
- the black ship rat, was carried in the baggage of merchants on board the ships
- traveling all over the Mediterranean (Norwich 30). They didn't know it, but
- it was the people that actually spread the disease across the land. The plague
- spread in a great arc across Europe, starting in the east in the Mediterranean
- Sea, and ending up in northwest Germany (Strayer and Munro 462). It is incredible
- that the plague hit Europe several times, but still no one understood neither
- the causes nor the treatments of the epidemic (Strayer and Munro 462).
- There
- was another cause that some people strongly believed brought the disease into
- their world. Doctors at the University of Paris claimed that on March 20,
- 1345, at one o'clock in the afternoon, a conjunction of three higher planets
- Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars caused a corruption of the surrounding air, which
- made the air become poisonous or toxic (Gottfried 110). This is a highly unlikely
- theory unless you are coming from a basis of Astrology. Another explanation
- of the plague that scientists gave was environmental factors. These scientists
- thought that there were many earthquakes that caused toxic fumes to come from
- the center of the earth (Gottfried 110), which, again, brought contaminated
- air for the people. Certain historians have wondered if the plague could
- have been caused by overpopulation of the continent, but they are not completely
- convinced (Hoyt and Chodorow 632). Some people, possibly out of desperation,
- turned their violence on the Jews and blamed them for the cause of the plague
- (St
- rayer and Munro 463). Whatever the cause was, you could tell from looking
- in a persons eyes that, " above every person hung the terror of the Black Death"
- (Strayer and Munro 476).
- Although the Black Death was one of the largest
- epidemics ever recorded, it did not have many visible symptoms. The actual
- symptoms varied in different parts of the continent. The most ordinary symptoms
- were black tumors or boils on your neck, and the coughing up of blood (Zenger).
- One thing about coughing up blood that made the plague even worse, was that
- when you coughed up blood, everyone in the room was susceptible to the disease
- (Zenger). This is because when the person coughed up the blood, the bacteria
- went airborne and infected the person of the closest proximity (Zenger). This
- allowed the plague to spread more quickly and easily.
- The Black Death had
- more than just physical effects, but more extensive effects over the course
- of 25 years. Such as physical effects, social and religious effects, economic
- effects, agricultural and commercial effects, effects on architecture, and
- effects on the future.
- For two generations after the plague, there was almost
- no increase in the population of Europe (Strayer and Munro 462), while the
- rest of the world increased in population. After the plague had passed, Europe
- seemed to suffer from a case of collective shell-shock (Strayer and Munro 463),
- this made it look like all of Europe was hit by a deadly stun gun, but the
- stun never wore off. What scared the people, was that the Black Death killed
- more people than a hostile army and gave its victims no chance to fight back
- (Strayer and Munro 462).
- The Black Death had many different social and religious
- effects on the common people of Europe. Some people dreaded the time when
- the plague would come, and some people just sat back, ate, drank, and were
- merry just as though they had never heard of the plague (Strayer and Munro
- 463). Although all the people suffered, the peasants suffered the most. This
- is because they lived in such unsanitary conditions and had the least care.
- In many places whole villages of peasants were wiped out completely (Hartman
- 235), and in less than one month.
- The Black Death, along with seven other
- plagues and diseases of the Middle Ages, was considered contagious (Durant
- 1002). Because they were contagious, a victim of any plague or disease was
- forbidden to enter a city unless under separation (Durant 1002). Many people
- actually thought that the Black Death was a punishment to society because they
- were wicked (Hoyt and Chodorow 596), and because they did not repent for their
- sins. Although the people withstood many effects, the social consequences
- were surely less striking (Rowse 29). For not only were the people struck
- in many ways, but they were also astounded, terrified, and bewildered of this
- secretive beast lurking in every place they go (Gottfried xiii). Some people
- think that the plague contributed to the moral disintegration of European
- society (Strayer and Munro 462).
- Many people sat around and faced the fact
- that they would eventually be taken in by the plague, and some tried to do
- something about it, religiously. Many people, religious or not, tried to take
- refuge in Godly practices. Some tried easing their conscience through "exaggerated
- penances" (Strayer and Munro 463), or others doubled their devotions and encouraged
- revivals (Strayer and Munro). Varied people "filled their hearts with unbearable
- anguish about the Sorrows of Mary and the sufferings of Christ," yet these
- same people filled with anguish flocked to executions and tore each other apart
- in their frequent civil wars (Strayer and Munro 463). Almost all people thought
- they would live through the plague if they gave into the surge of religious
- hysteria.
- Since people were dying left and right, it should be expected that
- there would be a decrease in available labor. So now there are half as many
- peasants to do the work, and the same amount of fields. This amounted to too
- much work to do, and little peasants to do the work (Hartman 235). This would
- obviously not work out. Everything was being ruined, overrun, or neglected
- because of this sudden, but expected shortage of workers (Hartman 235). The
- peasants saw this happening and they knew they could receive something good
- out of this. The laborers also saw that they were on demand, and so they demanded
- higher wages (Hartman 235). Now that wages rose, prices rose along with it
- (Hoyt and Chodorow 635). The mortality rate of the region not only produced
- a labor shortage, but a sudden increase in the income per capita (Hoyt and
- Chodorow 635). When the plague had ended, half of the workers on the estates
- of the nobles in England disappeared (Hartman 235).
- You could see that the
- Black Death shook the entire agricultural and commercial structure of the west
- (Gies 226). The decrease of construction in the 14th century could be seen
- along with the cathedrals started in the 12th and 13th centuries and never
- finished because of the plague (Durant 894).
- The effects on the future were
- not as bad as the effects the 14th century people experienced. The European
- population steadily declined after 1350 for the next century (Gottfried xiii).
- It is said that "chronic depopulation characterized the 14th and 15th centuries"
- (Gottfried xiii). In 1351, it was calculated that the total number of dead
- in Europe was approximately 23, 840,000 people (Gottfried xiii). That is a
- great decrease considering that there were an estimated 75,000,000 people living
- in Europe before the Black Death struck (Gottfried xiii).
- There were almost
- no known preventions or cures for the Black Death except a few ideas that don't
- always help or don't help at all. Some doctors instructed the sick to stay
- by fires and to drink as much as possible (Zenger). One thing that kept the
- disease from spreading more rapidly was keeping anyone infected with a disease
- out of the cities (Durant 1002). After the plague had become extremely serious,
- the town's people exterminated the old black ship rat that carried the disease
- (Rowse 29). This was there last attempt at getting their old lives back, but
- it was too late for that.
- Aren't you glad we are living in the 20th century,
- and not the 14th century!? The Black Death certainly had one of the greatest
- effects on the world in all areas, and was also one of the greatest changes
- for the people of the Middle Ages. If we want change in our lives, does it
- always have to be the bad things that bring us back into reality? I should
- hope not. It seems that bad or depressing situations give us a grasp on what
- is really important in our daily lives, and that is what we all need.
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- Bibliography
-
- Durant,
- Will. The Age of Faith. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950.
- Gies, Joseph
- and Frances. Life in a Medieval City. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.
- Gottfried,
- Robert. The Black Death. New York: The Free Press, 1983.
- Hartman, Gertrude.
- Medieval Days and Ways. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1961.
- Hoyt, Robert
- and Stanley Chodorow. Europe in the Middle Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace
- Javanovich, Inc., 1976.
- Norwich, John. Britain's Heritage. New York: The
- Continuum Publishing Company, 1983.
- Rowse, A.L.. The Story of Britain. Great
- Britain: British Heritage Press, 1979.
- Strayer, Joseph and Dana Munro. The
- Middle Ages. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1959.
- Zenger. The
- Black Death. California: Timeline Series, 1989.
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